Identification of Fungi

Only a few fungi are very distinctive and quick to positively identify. However most can only be identified after their fundamental characteristics have been thoroughly observed.

This is of utmost importance as some of the most toxic species look similar to harmless ones. Never pick or touch any fungi unless you can positively identify, as contact with some fungi can have dire consequences to health. The following instructions are only for the competent fungi enthusiast. However the non expert can still have a stab at identification by observation without physical contact, eased by the use of a camera.

To Be Carried Out in the Field

Characteristics are best taken when in the field as fungi will quickly deteriorate once picked, and these will become obscured. Important characteristics such as smell and colour can be lost if not observed at once.

It is important to note where the fungi are growing or on what they are growing. The habitat the fungi are growing such as in a deciduous wood, or growing on a particular tree species, can be of significant importance in identification.

When in the field, note whether the fungi is alone or growing in clusters.

To make identification easier, it is best to photograph the fungi in the field. This will provide a lasting indication of colour. Photographing should be carried making sure that you photograph the cap, stipe, gills and if in a cluster the fungi in different stages of growth.

Removing fungi has to be done carefully, as many are fragile and easily damage. When removed from soil make sure you get the complete stipe including its root like structures.

To Be Carried Out At Home

Check if there is a colour change when the fungus is bruised.

Note the gill formation, its colour, shape, how spaced and where they are attached.

Check to see if when the fungus is broken a liquid is exuded.

Look at the cap observing colour, shape, grooving and size. Check if the cap has scales or whether it is slimy.

Measure the stipe. Check for colour, texture and form. Take notice of any additional features such as a volva, scales or collars.

Scales on Cap

Collar on Stipe

When you have noted all of a fungus’s characteristics, it is the time to consult a good fungi field guide.

When completing the check it is vital that you thoroughly wash your hands.

Further Study

Fungi can be preserved by drying. This will distort their shape as water makes up 90% of their composition. It will obliterate the majority of their features, but are still useful for study under the microscope. After drying they have to stored under dry conditions.

A spore print can be taken. This is an easy and quick task. Firstly using a fresh specimen, cut the stipe close to the cap. Place the cap (gill face down) on a sheet of paper in an area free of air movement. Put a drop of water on the cap to prevent drying out and cover with plastic container. After eight hours carefully lift the cap and a spore print will be produced on the paper. To fix the spore print use aerosol hair lacquer, making sure you spray it from at least a foot away. If you expect a white or light coloured spore print use the relevant coloured paper.